วันจันทร์ที่ 29 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

The verb "be"

The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb:
Simple Present:
I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were
Past Participle:
been
You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.)
Progressive Forms
Present Progressive:
He is playing football.
Past Progressive:
He was playing football.
Present Perfect Progressive:
He has been playing football.
Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been playing football.
Passive
Simple Present/Past:
The house is/was built.
Present/Past Perfect:
The house has/had been built.
Future I:
The house will be built.
"be" as a full verb
The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be is used as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions.
positive sentence:
They are fifteen years old.
negative sentence:
They are not fifteen years old.
question:
Are they fifteen years old?

The verb "have"

The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.)
Compound Tenses - Active Voice
Present Perfect Simple:
He has played football.
Past Perfect Simple:
He had played football.
Present Perfect Progressive:
He has been playing football.
Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been playing football.
Compound Tenses - Passive Voice
Present/Past Perfect:
The house has/had been built.
Note that have is an irregular verb, too:
Simple Present:
I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it/we/you/they had
Past Participle:
had
"have" in positive sentences
As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have got (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb).
full verb:
I have a car.
auxiliary verb:
I have got a car.
"have" in negative sentences and questions
When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences and questions. If we use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary.
have as a full verb:
I do not have a car.
Do I have a car?
have as an auxiliary verb:
I have not got a car.
Have I got a car?

The verb "will"

The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.
The auxiliary verb "will"
Future I:
He will not play football.
Future II:
He will have played football.
The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative sentences is won't.'
Examples:
I will, he will
I will not = I won't

The verb "do"

The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.)
The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences
Simple Present:
He does not play football.
Simple Past:
He did not play football.
The auxiliary "do" in questions
Simple Present:
Does he play football?
Simple Past:
Did he play football?
The verb do is irregular:
Simple Present:
I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it/we/you/they did
The full verb "do"
As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary.
positive sentence:
She does her homework every day.
negative sentence:
She doesn't do her homework every day.
question:
Does she do her homework every day?

Sentences without the auxiliary "do"

In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:
the full verb is "be"
Example:
I am not angry. / Are you okay?
the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will)
Example:
They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that?
the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should)
Example:
We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please?
the question asks for the subject of the sentence
Example:
Who sings that song?


Exercise: Make a question about the word in bold in each sentence. Sometimes you need an auxiliary and sometimes you don't.
1Queen Elizabeth I became queen of England in 1558.
___________________________________________
2Queen Elizabeth I became queen of England in 1558.
___________________________________________
3Lilith was Adam's first wife.
___________________________________________
4The Athenians sentenced Socrates to death in 399 BC.
___________________________________________
5The Athenians sentenced Socrates to death in 399 BC.
___________________________________________
6Aristotle taught Alexander the Great.
___________________________________________
7Aristotle taught Alexander the Great.
___________________________________________
8Apollo and Artemis were born in Delos, according to legend.
___________________________________________
9The archbishop of Valencia ordered the execution of an innocent school teacher in 1826.
_________________________________________________________
10Gema saw a fox cub.
___________________________________________
11
Gema saw a fox cub.
___________________________________________
12Tony broke the video.
___________________________________________




Questions without the auxiliary verb Exercise - answers
1When did Queen Elizabeth I become queen of England?
2Who became queen of England in 1558?
3Who was Adam's first wife?
4Who sentenced Socrates to death in 399 BC.
5Who was sentenced to death by the Athenians in 399 BC.
6Who taught Alexander the Great?
7Who did Aristotle teach?
8Where were the gods Apollo and Artemis born, according to legend?
9Who ordered the execution of an innocent school teacher in Valencia in 1826?
10What did Gema see?
11
Who saw the fox cub?
12Who broke the video?



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วันพุธที่ 24 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553

Wh question words

We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions). We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
Question Word
Function
Example
whatasking for information about somethingWhat is your name?
asking for repetition or confirmationWhat? I can't hear you.
You did what?
what...forasking for a reason, asking whyWhat did you do that for?
whenasking about timeWhen did he leave?
whereasking in or at what place or positionWhere do they live?
whichasking about choiceWhich colour do you want?
whoasking what or which person or people (subject)Who opened the door?
whomasking what or which person or people (object)Whom did you see?
whoseasking about ownershipWhose are these keys?
Whose turn is it?
whyasking for reason, asking what...forWhy do you say that?
why don'tmaking a suggestionWhy don't I help you?
howasking about mannerHow does this work?
asking about condition or qualityHow was your exam?
how + adj/advasking about extent or degreesee examples below
how far
distanceHow far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
how long
length (time or space)How long will it take?
how many
quantity (countable)How many cars are there?
how much
quantity (uncountable)How much money do you have?
how old
ageHow old are you?
how come (informal)asking for reason, asking why
How come I can't see her?






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วันจันทร์ที่ 15 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553

There is / There are

There is/There are is a common phrase in English, used to indicate that something ?exists? or is in a certain location. The main subject follows the verb when there is/are is used.

From
There is
There isn't
Is there?
There are
There aren't
Meaning
We use there is and there are when we want to say that something exists (or does not exist):
Are there any potatoes?
There's a centipede under this stone.
There are two good reasons to do this.
There isn't any flour in the pantry.
There aren't any seats available.
Is there any petrol in the car?

Note that we often use there is and there are with a/an, some and any. A/an go with singular,countable nouns. Some and any go with uncountable and plural nouns. (See more about countable and uncountable nouns). A/an and some are used in the affirmative. Any is used with questions and negative statements:
There is a book on the table.
There is an ant on your leg.
There is some tea in the pot.
There are some tools in the second drawer.
There isn't any water in the bottle.
There aren't any eggs in the fridge.
Is there any coffee left?
Are there any tickets for the show?

Note that in informal speech, we often use there is with plural nouns:
There's some people coming in the front gate.
There's some biscuits in the tin in the pantry.

We can use there There have been many attempts to climb the mountain.
There will be many refugees if the war begins.
There was a small boy standing next to the pond.

in this way with all tenses:
We cannot use it is in the same way as there is. Whereas there is used to say that something exists, it is used for things that people already know about, or that we have already talked about.
There's a big dog in the garden. It's a German shepherd


There is and there are (and their forms in other tenses) can also be used in question tags:
There isn't any reason for going, is there?
There won't be too many people, will there?
There was nobody looking, was there?




Resource:

วันจันทร์ที่ 8 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553

Verb to be

              Verb to be คือ กริยาช่วยในภาษาอังกฤษ (ไม่ใช่กริยาแท้) ประกอบด้วย Is, Am และ Are สามารถแปลความหมายเป็นภาษาไทยได้ 3 ความหมายคือ (เป็น อยู่ คือ)
หน้าที่ของ Verb to be
              Verb to be  ใช้ทำหน้าที่ช่วยกริยาตัวอื่นได้ดังต่อไปนี้
               1)วางไว้หน้ากริยาตัวที่เติม ing ทำให้ประโยคนั้นเป็น Continuous Tense  แปลว่า "กำลัง" เช่น
-  It is sleeping under the bed.
- The students are playing football. 
     ***        กริยาช่องที่ 1                    เติม ing
                  มี Verb to be                   อยู่ข้างหน้า
                  ให้แปลว่า "กำลัง"
               2)วางไว้หน้ากริยาช่อง 3  ทำให้ประโยคนั้นเป็น ( Passive  Voice) แปลว่า "ถูก" เช่น
- A glass of water of mine is bloken.    
               3)วางไว้หน้ากริยา Infinitive แปลว่า "จะ,จะต้อง" แสดงถึงหน้าที่ที่ต้องกระทำ ,แผนการณ์ ,การเตรียมการณ์ ,คำสั่ง,คำขอร้อง เช่น
- She is to be paid at the end of this week.
               4) ประโยคคำสั่ง ,อวยพร,ที่นำหน้าประโยคด้วย Adjective ต้องใช้ Be นำหน้าเสมอ เช่น
Be quiet. The baby is sleeping.
- Don't  be so silly.
               5) ใช้นำหน้าสำนวน about to + Verb ช่องที่ 1 มีสำเนียง แปลว่า "จะ" แสดงถึงเหตุการณ์ที่จะเกิดขึ้นในอนาคตอันใกล้ เช่น
- They are about to start journal this evening.
- Mr.brown is about to be here soon.
               6) ใช้ทำหน้าที่เป็นกริยาหลักในประโยคได้ กรณีในประโยคนั้นจะไม่มี Verb to be เช่น
- These tourists are from the United Kingdom.



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